Racial Profiling - 1321 Words

ANALYSIS OF â€Å"RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE† 1 Analysis of â€Å"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice† Domenica Martinez Colorado Mesa University ANALYZING RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 Research Question I chose to analyze article titled â€Å"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice† which is written By Jesper Ryberg within the Journal of Ethics; March 2011. This journal article was discovered within the EBSCO Host library. Ryberg’s thesis states â€Å"The main argument that has been presented by advocates of the use of racial profiling as a law enforcement tactic is†¦show more content†¦Think of all the time that would be wasted checking every suspicious ethnic group, culture or race that attempts to board a bus, train or airplane? Disappointing as it is, real criminals and terrorists have walked right by security points and customs unchecked. There are no positive outcomes or happy medium for racial profiling, but we have facts and figures and these are ignored. Two of Ryberg’s keywords mentioned at the beginning of this article are utilitarianism and retributivism. Mentioned in Chapter 2 of our book (Ethical Dilemmas and Decision in Criminal Justice) is (utilitarianism), the principle here is to evaluate the act, which in this case is racial profiling , to determine if it would result in good. This would be the question imposed to assume that the decision made would be applied to ANALYZING RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 6 everyone else in similar circumstances. Whether this would be a practical ethical decision to make is left to the reader. As mentioned earlier, Ryberg was non-judgmental in his article. Retributivism is used in contrast with utilitarianism in such that it is used in theory about a legitimate end served by the penal institutions. Chapter 3 of our book (Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice) spoke of retributive justice. The most widely embraced mixed theory holds that punishment must achieve both the utilitarian goal of crime prevention and the retributiveShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling1430 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty years the issue of racial profiling has become extremely combative with regards to law enforcement practices. A common misconception begins as some people are unaware of what racial profiling actually is. Racial profiling typically deals with incarceration, miss education, and to certain extent slavery. The topic of slavery is relevant in the conversation of racial profiling because like slavery, African Americans have suffered ju st due their own identity. Profiling is essentially the selectionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Criminal Profiling Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Profiling Vs Criminal Profiling Camilo Paez Briarcliffe College Professor Keirnan 11/13/2016 â€Æ' Executive summary Racial Profiling is a big problem is society. Over time you become biased of certain groups which is good and bad. Criminal profiling helps keep the bad guys off the streets. This maybe be also linked with being racist according to the people stopped by police. As a police officer you never win because no one wants to go to jail. It is very hard to â€Æ' Racial ProfilingRead MoreRacial Profiling1056 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been racial profiling in our history. The problem here is that at some point the ones who are oppressed and discriminated sooner o later will claim why they are treated unequally. There are many examples around the world, but one only has to take a look at how the American society has been designed to realize the great difference between individuals. It was even normal and acceptable to see these differences during the creation of this nation because the ones who supposedly hadRead More Racial Profiling is Necessary1040 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand racial profiling, it must first be correctly defined. Although different authors use different criteria for the term racial profiling, Merriam-Webster’s definition for the word racial is â€Å"of, relating to, or based on a race (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.855).† The definition the dictionary puts forth for profiling is â€Å"the act of suspecting or targeting a person solely on the basis of observed char acteristics or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.830).† Based on these definitions, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Problem969 Words   |  4 Pages Racial profiling has been an issue in society for as long as America had a criminal justice system. Racial profiling is a problem because it refers discriminatory practice bye-law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In 1868, the fourteenth amendment was ratified which states, No state. Shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, would have made racialRead MoreThe Good and Bad of Racial Profiling1250 Words   |  5 Pages It has been said that racial profiling has been used more than once as a way to detain suspects that arouse suspcion according to NAACP. Racial profiling is the suspicion of people based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or other immutable charateristics rather than evidence based behavior. Eventhough statistics say otherwise racial profiling should not be used as a reasnoable right to detain an individual because it is unlawful, discrinmatory, and ineffective. Even though statisticsRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is racial profiling. This issue, where authorities target certain individuals based on their racial characteristics, has never ceased. According to many influential claimsmakers, racial profiling has stained the United States by negatively affecting society and disturbing the certainty of justice. It is unconstitutional and leads to impactful consequences such as deaths, fear, and loss of trust in police officers, demoralization, and dehumanization of stigmatized groups of people. Racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling903 Words   |  4 Pagespolice. Racial profiling refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individuals race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. This is similar to criminal or offender profiling, the analysis of a persons psychological and behavio ural characteristics, so as to assess whether they are likely to have committed a crime under investigation. Both seem to be similar, but make no mistake that racial profiling is illegal

Positive and Negative Possession in the Television Series...

Possession is defined by many religions as the act by an outside force, either demonic or spiritual in nature, which takes physical control of an individuals body or an object. According to many religions and beliefs, humans, animals, places and objects alike are all susceptible to these supernatural forces. Possession can be ended in two different ways: through an exorcism as seen by the Catholic Church, or using an anti-possession symbol seen in voodoo, witchcraft, hoodoo, and shamanism. Possession is also seen, mainly in Christian beliefs as being unwanted, however there are other religions that allow and attract spirits for possession to take place such as spiritual healing mediums in Brazil (Greenfield). Anthropologists have†¦show more content†¦Janice Boddy is an anthropologist who did research regarding the beliefs of a small village of people in the Northern Sudan. She found that their central belief revolved around a supernatural spirit called a Djinn, which is bet ter known as a Zar Spirit in this village. This predominantly affects women who have fertility or marriage problems. This spirit is invisible with no physical form or barrier, and possesses the woman by hovering over her head or being somewhat close to her. In this legend there is a specific type of â€Å"Djin n† that one would usually refer to as harmful or playful. According to lore, this Zar Spirit is playful and there is no way to remove the possession by exorcism, but rather to accommodate the spirit by allowing it to play and indulge. This form of possession is what many anthropologists call a positive possession that results in healing an illness or condition. This results in what Boddy calls a cultural healing (Boddy 368-85), which is the result of making the womans possession public which lessens the negative stigma associated with being possessed because it is seen as something beyond her control. In the series Supernatural, the episodes depict a more negative aspec t of possession rather than aShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Harry Potter Controversy2662 Words   |  11 PagesThe Harry Potter Controversy The wildly popular Harry Potter book series by J. K. Rowling has caused controversy for many families over the past five years. These novels according to some critics are harmless, adventurous, childrens tales. Others choose to portray them as stories that inspire children to become involved in the occult and serious witchcraft. The Harry Potter novels chronicle the life of a young wizard whose wizard parents were killed by the evil Lord Voldermort. On his eleventhRead MoreEveryday Nightmare: the Rhetoric of Social Horror in the Nightmare on Elm Street Series6614 Words   |  27 PagesTHE RHETORIC OF SOCIAL HORROR IN THE Nightmare on Elm Street SERIES The Nightmare on Elm Street movie series has enjoyed six successful theatrical releases since 1984, and a seventh installment was released in time for Halloween in 1994. It and other successful horror movie series, such as Friday the 13th and Halloween, are frequently analyzed from Freudian psychological perspectives and characterized as allegories of the psychological dynamic underlying the return of the repressed. Although theRead MoreTheology of the Body32011 Words   |  129 Pagesthe gift and the collapse of innocence. 4) The woman was â€Å"given† to man in the mystery of creation and received by him as a gift in the full truth of her person and inspires the reciprocal gift and acceptance. Real masculinity comes through the â€Å"possession of self† thanks to which he is capable both of giving himself and of receiving the other’s gift. 5) JP II is considering the time before the Fall from the aspect of human subjectivity, not the method of objectivization proper to metaphysics ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDiversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much DoRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagesafter graduating he was a journalist for the Kansas City Star. Here he learned (from the newspaper’s style guide) the basic style that would become his trademark: â€Å"Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative.† When World War I arrived, Hemingway enlisted as an ambulance driver and was stationed at the Italian Front, where he witnessed horrific scenes of violence and destruction. During the war, Hemingway was badly wounded by mortar fire; despiteRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBuilding Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B Conducting Interviews 619 Supplement C Conducting Meetings 651 Appendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 NameRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages..................................................................... 539 Designing a Scientific Test ............................................................................................................ 539 Retaining Hypotheses Despite Negative Test Results .............................................................. 540 Three Conditions for a Well-Designed Test ............................................................................... 543 Deducing Predictions for Testing ....Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdogma, superstition, prejudice and so on. It is interesting to note that the television series The X Files, which was about the paranormal and supernatural, actually used a rather objectivist epistemological stance in all its opening sequences – ‘the truth is out there’. The problem for one of the key protagonists in the series, Agent Scully, seemed to be getting the necessary evidence to convince her that the supernatural actually existed. At first sight, epistemological objectivism seems eminently

Conservation of heritage site of dhaka city Free Essays

string(79) " fulfillment of one or more of which would make a site worthy of conservation\." Background of the study Dacha, one of the oldest cities of Bangladesh, has a glorious history of over 400 years. Because of the location and strategic advantage, it was the hub of central activities and administrative activities during various historic periods. The Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, the Fagan Ruling prior, the McHugh Ruling Period, the British Colonialism, the partition of Bengal, the Liberation War and the contemporary era have enriched Dacha’s history and the testimonies of those periods have remarkable significance in the nation’s identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of heritage site of dhaka city or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the passage of time, Dacha has gone through changes to keep pace with the modern globalizes world but yet some testimonies of different historic periods remain. RAJAH has enlisted 93 historic sites of Dacha of different historic periods and published in a gazette form in 2009 but proper measures have not been taken from government initiative to conserve majority of these sites after enlistment. As a result the condition of many of these historic sites are formidable in respect to structural condition, illegal occupancy, incompatible structures, lack of maintenance. In this study, we have tried to identify the location and present notation of these 93 enlisted heritage sites and develop some proposals and policies for the proper conservation of these sites. There have been many researches on the heritage sites of Dacha but majority of these researches focus on the sites that have gone through proper conservation measures and are maintained well. Many of the enlisted heritage sites are in deplorable condition and are in a way to ruin but do not get any attention from planning authorities. The distinction of this study from previously conducted researches is that it has covered and highlighted the heritage ties that are in a relatively deplorable condition beside the sites that are in a better condition. An overall guiding policy and framework have been proposed for the conservation of these legacies of the country. 1. 2 Methodology Figure 1. 1 : Methodology of the Study Project Selection: At the very first stage, the project was selected through the course teachers under the course â€Å"Urban Planning Studio†. It was about the Conservation of the Heritage sites of Bangladesh. Formulation of Objectives: The objectives of study were formulated to achieve the goal. Preparation of literature review: Literature view has been prepared by studying international rules and regulations for conservation, criteria for conservation, different acts and policies. Laws of Bangladesh also has been studied for conservation. Three cases of conserved sites from foreign countries have been studied. Selection of Study area: RAJAH enlisted 93 sites were distributed among nine groups. Each group was assign to survey ten sites. Data collection through field survey: Data and information were collected though field survey. The location of the heritage sites, their ownership status, conservation status and uses were identified. Selection of sites for detailed survey and analysis: Three sites were selected for detail survey analysis from previous ten sites. Data collection of selected sites: Data and information were collected of selected three sites. Primary data: Primary data were collected though field survey. Local people and owners were interviewed and photographs were taken through this process. Secondary data: Secondary data were collected though visiting different Government offices, private organizations and internet. Problems identification: Different problems and issues were identified through survey and analysis. Determination of leslies and proposals: Policies and proposals were generated and determined considering the prospects and problems regarding the sites. Final Presentation and Report Submission: Finally a presentation has been prepared and report has been submitted. 1. 3 Objectives 1. To study location and present condition of the historic sites of Dacha city. . To determine some proposals for the conservation of selected sites. 1. 4 Rationale of the study: Historic site conservation is very significant an issue to bring variability and uphold the historic magnificence while planning an urban area. So, a defined study on inspiration of the heritage sites for formulating comprehensive guidelines based on the identified issues is Justifiable. 1. 5 Scopes and Lim itations While conducting the study some scopes of the study were identified as well as some limitations were faced. Scopes To identify the present state of the heritage sites, detail survey have been performed and secondary sources have been gone through carefully. The owners of the sites have also been interacted to sort out the problems underlying in conservation of sites. The analysis has helped to formulate the policies and proposals for the maintenance of the historic sites. If any project is planned in future by government or private sector for the conservation of heritage sites, the findings of this study would help to a great extent. Limitations Extracting of data regarding the heritage sites requires much time. Because of time limitation, the analysis could not be done in a greater scale. For conducting the survey it was necessary to visit the study area several times which caused problems with expense issues. In some cases, the owners were not that much willing to provide information. Accessibility to some sites was very poor because of the poor infrastructure and transport modes. Getting information from government authorities was difficult because of their resource limitation. No systematic database is maintained in most of the government authorities. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW â€Å"The cultural heritage may be defined as the entire corpus of material signs – either artistic or symbolic – handed on by the past to each culture and, therefore, to the whole of humankind. † (CICERO, 1990, p. 4) 2. 1 Criteria for Conservation 2. 1. 1 General criteria Scholars and organizations have established criteria to assign a site or structure as heritage site based on various parameters. Countries worldwide have developed their own assessment criteria for heritage conservation considering these conventional parameters as well as taking into account the particular issues of own regions. World Heritage Trust has fixed six criteria (Aesthetic, Typical, Scarcity, Historical role, Enhancement of adjacent areas, Superlatives) the fulfillment of one or more of which would make a site worthy of conservation. You read "Conservation of heritage site of dhaka city" in category "Papers" Reign (1902) categorized the parameters in basic five typologies- Age, Historical, Commemorative, Use, Newness. Lips (1984) emphasizes five aspects (Economic, Aesthetic, Associative-symbolic, and Informational) for assigning a site as a heritage site. Burr Charter proposes for assigning a site as a cultural heritage when it has any or more than one of these values: Social (including spiritual, political, national, other cultural), Scientific, Aesthetic, Historic (Mason, n. D. ). Age, historical legacy, special architectural fabric of some particular period, rarity, human settlement of traditional indigenous communities are some very common criteria observed in the conservation principles of most of the countries’ act. Regarding age of the buildings, majority of nations’ isolation call for conservation of structures erected before 100 years or more. In Scotland, buildings erected before 1840; in Germany, those places which have survived for at least 50 years; in South Africa, structures older than 60 years; in Egypt, historic sites more than 100 years old; in Pakistan, structures of at least 75 years; in England, historic sites erected before 1st July 1948 are recommended to be enlisted as heritage sites (English Heritage, n. D. ). Conservation of religious icons, like- ancient churches, mosques, cathedral, temples, cemetery, tomb, monastery, holds significant importance for conservation in the acts of majority of countries. Conservation of ancient mines, caves, forts and palaces are very common worldwide. 2. 1. 2 Country wise Special Criteria Some nations have unique historical background or cultural identity which plays an important role in their fixing of criteria for heritage conservation. In Nepal, the religion has a great impact in the conservation criteria of cultural heritage. In some countries, the places that have association of the historical or religious leaders are conserved for the spiritual and historic significance. According to Ancient Monuments Protection Act of Nepal, † Archaeological Object means the object made and used by human being in prehistorically period or handwritten genealogy, scribed or inscribed idol, temple of god or goddess, Buddhist cenotaph, statue, thanks, things used in royal palace†. (Department of Archaeology, 1956) South Africa has a remarkable history of slavery and this holds a vital place in their assessment criteria of a site to be in consideration of conservation (SAHARA, 2013). In South Africa and England, the assessment criteria have been set bringing all the historical monuments under three grades or categories. In South Africa, Monuments of having importance at national level are assigned in Grade I and monuments having significance at provincial level fall in Grade II and the remaining ones with exemplary architectural interest fall in Grade Ill. English Heritage,a public body of the British Government in England, classifies the heritage sites of England in three categories: Grade I (buildings of exceptional interest), Grade II* (particularly important buildings of more than special interest), Grade â€Å"(buildings of national importance and of special interests)(English Heritage, n. D. ). In India, INTACT also categorizes the sites for conservation in two groups according to priority for conservation. Priority has been given to out-of-town developments meaning that town centers, local trade and small scale commercial enterprises are under threat (INTACT, n. D. ). In China, the ancient trees are also assumed as cultural property and are recommended to conserve. In September 2002, when the Municipality of Beijing issued a plan for protecting cultural property and relics within the municipality’s borders, it included a provision for protection of â€Å"ancient and famous trees† (Durra, 2004). Norway Act Concerning the Cultural Heritage, tress of special significance are recommended to conserve(Ministry of Environment, 1978). 2. 2 Principles 2. 2. 1 Publishing of enlisted buildings in gazette form In most of the country, the list of the heritage sites is published in a gazette form to inform the general people. The list is also published in a number of renow ned newspapers to get people informed. In Norway, notice is given in the Norwegian Gazette and in at least two newspapers for public inspection. In Nepal, the list of selected heritage sites is published in a gazette form (Department of Archaeology, 956). 2. 2. 2 Ownership, acquisition and maintenance Regarding ownership, owners are encouraged to conserve the heritage sites leaving it to original owner based on the condition of its proper maintenance in many countries. In some cases, government acquires the historic buildings from owners when there is lack of proper maintenance or vulnerability of its demolition. In Nepal, acquisition of historic sites is observed. In Section 5, the Chief Archaeology Officer has been empowered to cause the owners of ancient monument to enter into a deed of responsibility for Supervision of the monument, responsibility of the monument ND duties of its watchman (Department of Archaeology, 1956). In India, the central government may acquire the protected monument under provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 if a protected monument is in danger of being destroyed, injured, misused, or allowed to fall into decay. In Section 2(C) of Indian’s The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, it has been stated that owner’s right can be restricted for ensuring the proper maintenance of a historic site (Gazette of India, 1958). In case of private ownership, an agreement is signed between the owner and the government for the proper protection of the monument. In Australia, The Minister enters into an agreement (a heritage agreement) on behalf of the Territory with the owner of a heritage place or object (Department of Lands, Planning and the Environment, 2011). . 2. 3 Tax incentive for conserving heritage sites TAR (Transfer of Development Right is a very effective measure in motivating the owners of the heritage site to leave the heritage site in government’s acquisition for its proper safeguard. Conservation projects in Hong Kong and Australia gives evidence of effectiveness of TAR in motivating the private owners. Tax reductions and ax incentives can be effect ive instrument to encourage the owners of the historic monuments to conserve the historic building. In Germany, the owner of a general building who lets his property has a depreciation of tax of only 2 % per annum. The owner of a historic building has for eight years a depreciation of 9 % per annum and for the following four years a depreciation of 7 % per annum (RISC Research, 2007). 2. 2. 4 Construction compatibility Compatible construction and maintenance of environment within a particular extent of the enlisted site is observed in the legislation of many countries. In article 7 of Ireland’s Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Properties, it has been mentioned that no person can build or allow another to construct a building within the registered limits of an archaeological area, without the permission of the Institute of Archaeology (Office of Attorney General, 2004). In Pakistan, the zone for compatible construction around a historic site is fit (Antiquities Act, 1975). To protect a historic structure from disturbance in Norway, a zone shall extend from the visible or known perimeter as far as necessary around an automatically protected monument r site. The area shall be encircled in each case by the concerned authority (Ministry of Environment, 1978). In India the prohibited area is mm and more mm beyond it is also included for reconstruction, repair or renovation compared to the main site (Gazette of India, 1958). 2. 2. 5 Alteration of heritage site Addition, destruction or alteration is strongly discouraged in majority of country’s legislation. If done so, provision of punishment is kept in most of the country’s act. However, if any such measure for alteration is to be undertaken, taking consent from planning authority is a must. In Policy BE 8 and Policy BE 12 of Planning Policy Statements of Ireland, it has been stated that the planning department can permit for any alteration when the new development is in sympathy with the characteristic built form of the area and the scale, form, materials and detailing of the development respects the characteristics of adjoining buildings in the area. The environmental aspects have also been considered (Planning, Archaeology and the Built Heritage, 1999). In Germany, it is mandatory to seek permission from the state authorities for all proposed changes to the building, or demolitions and any change that does not eave resemblance with the original form cannot be done. For example, no modern large windows are allowed in a historic building (RISC Research, 2007). According to England’s legislation, new work or alteration in England to a significant place is acceptable if the alteration ensures no material harm to the values of the place and the value of the place is reinforced or further revealed (English Heritage, 2008). Some countries’ acts have provision for replacement or alteration of features of heritage sites if the feature is in an almost ruined state. But the condition of minimum intervention to the originality of the heritage site is persistently applicable in these scenarios. If repair of a historic structure by stabilization, consolidation, and conservation proves no satisfactory result, the next level of intervention involves replacement. This replacement has to very limited and is applicable in kind of extensively deteriorated or missing parts of features when there are surviving prototypes (for example, brackets, dentals, steps, plaster, or portions of slate or tile roofing). The replacement material needs to match the old both physically and visually, I. E. , wood with wood, etc (Weeks, et al. 1995). In special cases, permission can be given for demolishing a building but this is very rare a scenario. In Ireland, The Planning Department does not permit the demolition of a listed building unless there are exceptional reasons. Proper reasoning has to be Justified before demolishing about why the building cannot be retained in its original or a reasonably modified form (The Planning Service, 1999). 2. 2. 6 Penalty for damage Any damage or attempt to harm the heritage site calls for severe punishment in most of the country’s legislations. According to Indian’s legislation, any person who moves NY antiquity shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees; and the court conviction a person of any such contravention may by order such person to restore the antiquity to the place from which it was moved(Gazette of India, 1958). Section 51 of National Archives and records service of South Africa Act calls for guilt fines up to a maximum amount of ROI 000 for infringement of the terms of Act and heritage resources authority is responsible for punishment (SAHARA,1996). 2. 3 Strategies for Conservation The common tools used in different countries for conserving a historical site involve obliteration, restoration, replication, adaptive reuse and preservation. Restoration is a process where any alteration from the original form is removed and the structure is returned in exactly its original form. It is the toughest form of conservation and can only be carried out when there is substantial physical and documentary or oral evidence to retain the authenticity of the structure. Rehabilitation and renovation are more flexible conservation approaches. Rehabilitation has to be undertaken to make decrepit buildings usable again by bringing necessary modifications in the interior art and leaving the exterior part in the original form. Preservation should be considered as the primary treatment when the historic place’s materials, features and spaces are essentially intact and thus convey the historic significance without extensive repair or replacement (Canada’s Historic Places, 2010). Adaptive reuse refers to the utilization of buildings other built structures and sites of value for purposes other than that for which they were intended originally (Australia COSMOS, 2013). Relocation is also a conservation tool which is applied in very rare cases. In Egypt, relocation of a heritage site is done only if the site is in danger of natural hazard. Otherwise conservation has to be done in the original place (Nashua, et al. , n. D. ). 2. 4 Institutional Arrangement for Conservation For conserving the historical monuments, a strong institutional framework and coordination among the authorities is found in western and some of the Asian countries. The conservation procedures from the very beginning of assessment and declaration of the site as a historical monument towards the protection of the site from decay is done by Archaeology Department of the nation and the planning omission or planning department of the government. The institutional framework for heritage conservation involves the following steps: Figure 2. 1 : Planning process methodology for institutional framework Source: Mason ( n. D. ) 2. 4. 1 Government agencies, central and local government In Norway, Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage Management is a government agency manages cultural heritages at national level whereas County Municipalities are responsible for the management at regional level. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage (SASH) is responsible for historical site conservation in China. In Singapore, AURA (Urban Redevelopment Authority) is designated as the national conservation authority charged with powers under the Planning Act to issue conservation guidelines, advise the Minister for National Development on getting areas for conservation and grant planning permission for restoration works apart from serving as the national planning authority(Legislative Council Secretariat, n. D. . The responsibility is distributed between the central and the local government in Ireland as the entire procedure of conserving and managing the historic sites becomes difficult and complex if only the central government is involved. The Minister has responsibility for formulating national policy in relation to the physical heritage and for the implementation of the National Monuments Acts. Physical planning is implemented at local government level, under the policy direction of the Minister (Packard, 2001). In South Africa, heritage resources are managed by the levels of government closest to the community (SAHARA, 1996). The Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage Management is responsible for the management of cultural heritage in Norway on the national level. At the regional level the county municipalities are responsible for the management in their county. For archaeological excavations there are five chartered archeological museums authority (Ministry of Environment, 1978). Regarding coordination among the agencies of government, Philippines shows a good collaboration and management understanding among the agencies. The cultural agencies and other national government agencies (The Department of Tourism, the Intramural Administration, The Department of Public Works and Highways, The National Commission on Indigenous People, The UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines, The Office of the special Envoy of Transnational Crimes) consult, coordinate and work closely tit the commission in the implementation of their respective programs/pro]sects (Congress of Philippines, 2009). . 4. 2 International organizations International organizations also extend their assistance to manage the entire process of conservation or undertaking any measures needed for conservation in form of technical and financial assistance. UNESCO, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation Restoration of Cultural Properties (CICERO), The World Heritage Trust, International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (â€Å"C) are some international organizations playing vigorous role in promoting the cultural heritages worldwide( UNESCO, n. D. ). 2. 4. Private and autonomous organizations Some private and autonomous organizations are also observed to play important role in conservation of the historical legacies. In Nepal, an organization named Ought Corporation, an autonomous organization of government of Nepal has a major role in looking after the proper protection of the private ancient monuments. In South Africa, The national system for the management of heritage resources (SAHARA) and in India, The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACT) have a vital role in raising heritage awareness among people and in taking care of the historical structures( INTACT, n. . ). 2. 4. 4 Involvement of professionals In some instances, committee is formed by multi-disciplinary team of experts to provide technical assistance in th e entire procedure of conservation. In Afghanistan, a committee is formed and named the Archeological Committee consisting of two archaeologists, scientifically competent member, one historian, a lecturer from the Faculty of Social Sciences from the University of Kabul, one engineer or architect according to the Law of Protection of Historic and Cultural properties (Ministry of Justice, 2004). For discovering the defects of cultural heritages, five-yearly inspections are undertaken before irreversible damage occurs involving specialist professional specially conservation architects (Kent, n. D). According to legislation of England, if a local planning authority does not have the full range of expertise to assess the financial Justification and the assessment of proper development, it will be necessary to involve external consultants (English Heritage, 2012). 2. 4. Public- Private Partnership Public private partnership is effective way to undertake and manage the entire procedure of conservation measures. In Nepal, public participation is encouraged to manage and look after the conserved sites watchman (Department of Archeology, 1956). 2. 5 Financial Arrangement for Conservation Funding for the conservation of heritage sites usually comes from owners’ initiatives, public funding, international donation, private associations, grants and loans. In Egypt, Together with public funds, there are international donations assisting conservation of heritage sites. Salvage of Nubian Monuments was assisted by the UNESCO in the sixties (26 million dollars) and Infertile tomb by Getty (1 million dollar) (Nashua, et al. N. D. ). There are two principal programs of aid available in Ireland. L) Tax relief program for expenditure on approved heritage buildings, gardens and objects in respect of repair, maintenance or restoration. 2) Grant aid program for the conservation of the architectural heritage which is administered through local planning authorities . This scheme was initiated in 1999 wit h budget of E. 9 million. Grants available under this scheme are small, within a range of E 500-10000 although grants of up to E20000 may be provided in exceptional circumstances (Packard, n. . ). In Norway, all or some of the costs are met by the State and decision regarding this funding is taken by the Minister. Where less extensive private projects are involved, all or part of the costs is met by the State, if these costs impose much burden for the initiator of the project (Ministry of Environment, 1978). In Section 77 of England’s Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas act it has been mentioned State makes grants or loans for the purposes of defraying the whole or part of expenditure required for conservation works. Other grant sources than State’s grant may be available from the Heritage Lottery Fund, local authorities, heritage groups and amenity societies (Kent, n. D. ). In Nepal, renovation of the private and public monuments is done by ‘Town Development Fund’. Amount may be received as donation or grant from Government or any person or organization, international organization, foreign government or entrance fee (Department of Archeology, 1956) The funding agencies which assist INTACT in India to undertake any conservation of cultural heritage sites include: Gag Khan Program, Australian High Commission, Helen Hamlin Trust, UK,INTACT (I-J) Trust, Maharani Museum Trust, Jodhpurs, UNESCO, World Monument Watch, Unit Foundation ,Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain (MACE),Patella Heritage Society, Ministry of Tourism, Department of Archaeology, UNCUT, Shinbone Japan, University of Allahabad, Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. University of Hawaii’s at Manna,Department of Cultural Heritage, Government of Kananga, Archaeological Survey of India ,Ministry of Culture, ,Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Human Resource Development, ,Ministry of Railways( INTACT, n. D. ). 2. 6 Conservation in Bangladesh The Antiquities Act, 1976 has been followed so far for the conservation of the heritage sites. The other legal provisions are Immovable Antiquities Preservation Rules 1976, The Archaeological Works Code 1938, and The Manual of Conservation of 1922(Department of Archaeology, n. . ). 2. 6. 1 Criteria and Principles Immovable antiquity has been defined in Antiquit ies Act as â€Å"any urban site, street, group of buildings or public square of special value which the Central Government, being of the opinion that its preservation is a matter of public interest by reason of its arrangement, architecture or materials of construction, by deification in the official Gazette, declares to be an immovable antiquity for the purposes of this Act† Criteria for Conservation (Department of Archaeology, 1968, p. ) The Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh considers enlisting a historic or archaeological edifice only if it is 100 years old as per provision in the Antiquities Act (Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904). But the committee formed for enlistment of historic sites on behalf of ARRACK enlisted an edifice considering historical, architectural, political, aesthetic and cultural value even if it is not 100 ears old(The Daily Star, 2008). The conservation practice in Bangladesh is archaeological preservation and it is based on the legislations introduced in 1922 by Sir John Marshall, the founder director General of Archaeological Survey of India (Wisped, n. D. ). Conservation, Acquisition, Penalty For the decision regarding conservation, an advisory committee is stated to take the responsibility which consists of director, two members of parliament, and three other persons having special knowledge about antiquities. The committee would give decision about a property the owner of which cannot be traced. Section 7 of Antiquities Act demonstrates that provincial Government can acquire a land or any part of the land that contains antiquities under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (1 of 1894) for public purpose after getting direction from the Central Government. Section 16 of the Act calls fir compulsory acquisition of an immovable antiquity if it is in danger of decay. A protected immovable property cannot be used for any other purpose than its preservation and administration. In Section 20 of the Act, provision for penalty for counterfeiting or damaging antiquities has been kept, but what pacific punishment would be given has not been clarified (Department of Archaeology, 1968). Though TAR (Transfer of development Right) is very effective to persuade and encourage private owners to cooperate in government’s move of conserving heritage sites, it has not been introduced in Bangladesh till 2008(The Daily star, 2008). Change and Compatibility In Dacha Metropolitan Building Rules (Impart Norman Abdominal), it has been stated for any change, development, extension or destruction of building, a written statement is needed from the authority. The authority can permit entirely or partly How to cite Conservation of heritage site of dhaka city, Papers

Limits of Lean Manufacturing Service Practices Essay Sample free essay sample

Thin thought proved its excellence through its techniques and patterns. Many organisations – including first thin introducers and practicians – couldn‘t get the coveted results due to different external and internal concerns. This article addresses some relevant restrictions and hindrances originate when thin patterns and techniques are considered for execution into fabrication and service contexts. thin fabrication and thin service. severally. Thin thought was born in fabrication environment but has been brought to the service sector recently. during last two decennaries. The aim of this article is to discourse and expose some relevant restrictions and barriers of thin direction system for both fabrication and service contexts. Methodology: The methodological analysis applied to better understand thin restrictions within different contexts was a systematic reappraisal of literature. as described fundamentally by Cusumano. M. ( 1994 ) ; and Brandao L. and Pidd M. ( 2011 ) . Findingss: This article has synthesized and categorized the restrictions of thin into different direction contexts. in an attempt to discourse how important is to see the customization of thin patterns and techniques to the adoptive parents. In entire. four restrictions for thin fabrication ( cars ) and eight barriers for thin service ( wellness attention ) have been discussed. Research Restrictions: Publications have exposed some illustrations of direction contexts that may non generalise the restrictions and barriers to the other industries. There may be other special-oriented restrictions that either fit the discussed illustrations entirely or could be found entirely in other direction contexts. Future Survey: It is extremely recommended to see alteration direction when thin patterns and techniques are transformed to other civilization and context. Much of researching attempt required to plan appropriate thin manner suits different instances. 1. IntroductionAfter the revolution of thin production and its tool. which had been introduced first clip by Nipponese companies in 1970s. most of researches concluded after addressed the transitional stages of how to use thin thought whatever is the context. Thin attack with its tools could alter the waste degrees radically for many different industries indoors. every bit good as. outside Japan. As the thin doctrine is really powerful and stand for the flawlessness. really few research workers those who were rather brave to knock the doctrine. and non merely to back up deploying it with new bespoke add-ons that make it more applicable for different conditions and context. This study addresses the bounds of thin attack for different direction contexts. by and large for fabrication and service industries. 1. 1. Historical ReappraisalThin patterns came from the Nipponese fabrication country. John Krafcik introduced thin as it‘s known in 1988. ( Holweg et al. . 2007 ) Before making MBA surveies in MIT. Krafcik worked as a quality applied scientist for one of Toyota concerns. The International Motor Vehicle Program has continued Krafcik’s research. Jim Womack. Daniel Roos. and Daniel Jones produced the international book ?The Machine That Changed the World? . For many practicians. Lean is the group of â€Å"tools† that enable identifying and extinguishing wastes ( muda ) . The riddance of wastes facilitates bettering the quality while cut downing cost and clip of production. Examples of such patterns. techniques or tools are Kanban. six S. Value Stream Mapping. and poka-yoke. Toyota supported another attack to Lean Manufacturing. in which the focal point is on bettering the â€Å"flow† of work. herewith invariably extinguishing mura ( â€Å"unevenness† ) non on waste to be reduced per Se but through the system. Techniques to back up flow involve production grading. â€Å"pull† production and the Heijunka box. Both TPS and Lean could be seen as an insufficiently connected group of viing rules that target to cut down the cost by extinguishing the wastes. ( Taiichi Ohno. 1988 ) These rules involve: Perfect first-time quality. Pull processing. Waste minimisation. Flexibility. Continuous betterment. Building and prolonging a long term relationship with providers. Ocular control. Autonomation and Load grading and Production flow. Some of these rules have disconnected nature that may impact the fact that the TPS has grown to be more practically since 1948 as it could react to the jobs it saw within the production installations. Therefore wha t it seen today is the results of a ‘need’ tracked larning to develop where each phase has built on old thoughts and non something depended upon a theoretical formation. 1. 2. Terminology1. 2. 1. Pull and Push Systems( Peter A ; Donnelly. 2002 ) ( Dowling. 2004 ) A push–pull system describes the manner of information or merchandise motion between two entities. On markets. the provider normally pushes the goods or information. while the consumer pulls them harmonizing the demand. In supply ironss. the phases for both push- and pull-systems are runing usually. ( Harrison et al. 2003 ) In push production the demand is forecasted. while the existent demand is based on for pull production. The transitional stage between these phases is called the decoupling point or push–pull boundary. 1. 2. 2. LeanLean is a set of production patterns that focus on the outgo of resources don‘t add a value for the consumer or stop client and deployed to extinguish non-value added activities associated with these resources. Harmonizing to the client point of position that benefits from a service or merchandise. â€Å"value† is perceived as any procedure or activity a client is ready to pay for ( Womack et al. 1990 ) . The original seven types of wastes are: Transport Inventory Unnecessary Motion Waiting Overproduction Over Processing Defects The 8th waste was added subsequently by Womack et Al. ( 2003 ) ; it was discussed as the instance when the client demand or specifications aren‘t met by the provided goods or services. The waste of fresh endowments has been integrated on the seven types wastes by many others. These wastes were found to be utile add-ons in pattern. even though they were non originally a portion of the seven ruinous wastes defined by Taiichi Ohno in TPS ( Bicheno A ; Holweg. 2009 ) . 1. 2. 3. JITMerely in clip ( JIT ) is a production procedures set that struggles to better a concern return on investing by cut downing in-process stock list and associated carrying costs. The procedure relies on Kanban between different procedure points to run into JIT aims. which inform production when to do the following constituent. Kanban are normally ‘tickets or cards’ but could be merely simple signals. such as the full or empty portion on a shelf. JIT. implemented right. when uninterrupted betterment is on focal points and can better the return on investing of a fabrication organisation. efficiency. and quality. To accomplish uninterrupted betterment cardinal countries of concern could be quality. flow and employee engagement ( Shingo S. 1989 ) . 1. 2. 4. Continuous Improvement ProcedureA continual betterment procedure is an on-going attempt to better procedures. services. or merchandises. These attempts can seek â€Å"incremental† betterment over clip or â€Å"breakthrough† betterment all at one time. ( ASQ 2012 ) Delivery ( client valued ) procedures are steadily evaluated and improved in footings of their efficiency. effectivity and flexibleness. 1. 2. 5. Blue- A ; White-collar workersA blue-collar worker is a on the job category member who patterns manual labour. Blue-collar work may affect fabrication. skilled or unskilled. proficient installing. excavation. mechanical. care. building and many other kinds of physical work. Often physical care or edifice is on board. On the other manus. the white-collar worker takes the duty of office work. and the work environment includes desk and computing machine. Blue-collar worker is normally paid by different types of payment methods including hourly wage-labor. undertaking or salaried. The payscales are widely ranged and work depends upon the experience and field of forte ( Wickman. 2012 ) . 1. 2. 6. New Product DevelopmentIn concern and technology. new merchandise development ( NPD ) is the complete procedure of conveying a new merchandise to market. A merchandise is a set of benefits offered for exchange and can be touchable ( that is. something physical you can touch ) or intangible ( like a service. experience. or belief ) . There are two parallel waies involved in the NPD procedure: one involves the thought coevals. merchandise design and item technology ; the other involves market research and selling analysis. Companies typically see new merchandise development as the first phase in bring forthing and commercializing new merchandise within the overall strategic procedure of merchandise life rhythm direction used to keep or turn their market portion ( Ulrich et al. 2004 ) . 2. LEAN UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT CONTEXTS2. 1. Thin FabricationAs the thought of thin came from a production context. it‘s extremely of import to see the obstructions hindered those who wanted to import thin fabrication as a holistic attack. which should be stuck to literally. Cusumano M. ( 1994 ) criticized some patterns of thin fabrication and gave illustrations of other Nipponese companies when tried to follow Toyota‘s doctrine. He went farther to descry the visible radiation on Toyota itself. when it started to export its cars across the universe or in different parts of it. The general and most serious hindrances the innovators of thin confronted were as the followers: 2. 1. 1. Urban CongestionMost Nipponese manufacturers in general and car manufacturers in peculiar were obsessed of JIT. which in bend made the physical exchanges of Kanban cards or ?Production Orders? between providers. subdivisions. mills. exhibitions. and clients really intensive. This affected badly the traffic congestion that the Nipponese authorities had organized media runs to urge the decrease of bringings frequence. Besides. the degrees of air pollution increased significantly every bit good as the otiose clip. the most of import factor for thin ( Cusumano. 1994 ) . Outside Japan. it was perfectly impractical to present really little tonss for long distance. This is one of the most controversial points to discourse the thin fabrication as an effectual attack that could accommodate all instances. Some of Toyota‘s rivals such as Nissan figured out that their organic structures are more spread than Toyota. Nissan believed that it‘s more practical to increase the deg rees of stock list to one or a twosome of yearss. but non a twosome of hours that Toyota did. The physical exchanges of Kanban became impractical and disused after the revolution of cyberspace and signal scientific discipline. 2. 1. 2. Supplier ManagementThin fabrication application requires concerted and dependable providers. which account for approximately % 75 of fabrication work in car industry. and % 50 of merchandise development. measured by costs. ( Cusumano. 1994 ) The Nipponese companies faced much problem trusting on providers outside Japan. where civilization. outlook. costs. regulations and other were partly or wholly different. Non-Japanese providers have non complied literally with Nipponese quality and pricing demands. nor were they trusted by the Nipponese. As a consequence of production and market enlargement around the universe. Japan suffered from terrible deficit of mill labour. The Nipponese authorities allowed foreign workers to work in Japan or in Nipponese companies to cover the deficit. But this introduced another job of the preparation needs to the work force for those who miss the Nipponese literacy. The companies reported many quality issues and deficiency of workers flexiblenes s as a consequence of utilizing less-skilled aliens. So the companies have been enforced to cut down the productiveness to supply longer clip to the review and other quality activities. 2. 1. 3. Blue-collar WorkersOhno Taiichi. the discoverer of kanban system and former brilliant director of Toyota. relied on well-trained workers alternatively of the mechanization. He was convinced that the mechanization can be relayed on when it becomes dependable. reprogrammable. easy adjustable in footings of merchandise fluctuations and volume fluctuations. and cheap compared with human. For being antiphonal to the developed fabrication demand. directors needed skilled workers to be flexible with their working times. There were more mills than demanded blue-collar workers ( adult females were non permitted to work in car assembly factories that clip ) . Furthermore. immature Nipponese tended more to whitecollar work alternatively. Employee turnover rates reached 30 % yearly. ( Cusumano. 1994 ) The job would hold been worsened if Nipponese economic system covered. Any alteration in the scheme could probably cut down the productiveness advantage Toyota had been basking at place. 2. 1. 4. Merchandise AssortmentToyota and other companies had high flexible production systems that let them bring forth excessively many theoretical accounts and characteristics of merchandises and maximise their competitory customizations. The parts shaper and assembly workss had to be antiphonal with excessively little and really rare orders excessively often. The assortment requires changeless equipment apparatus. kanban exchanges. and little tonss – merely when the entire gross revenues are dead and workers. providers. and traffic system have reached to screen of practical degree ( adulthood ) . Environmental concerns came to mind after the merchandise life rhythm started to be narrower. But the most urgent concern is that the cost of new theoretical account development and theoretical account replacing is really high. and money became really expensive while involvement rates in Japan reached international degrees. Banks could no longer offer inexpensive loans. as their p ortfolios of stocks and existent estate and their customers‘ portfolios had declined. Companies could no longer raise capitals from stock market because of Nipponese investors‘ reluctance to purchase securities in the market that had dropped % 50 in value during the several old ages before. The operating net incomes were the lone ?free? money. which had besides declined dramatically. Nipponese companies changed their programming and control systems in the short term. They reduced merchandises assortment to % 20 of the merchandises that achieve % 80 of overall net incomes. ( Cusumano. 1994 ) They relied on electronic signifiers of traveling information. such as bar-code readers. instead than interchanging kanban cards physically. Exporting usedproducts to other topographic points of universe was an effectual impermanent solution to the environmental concerns. They considered recycling product‘s stuffs more efficaciously. Nipponese have realized that they had to cut down their overall investing in new merchandise development. They are now cut downing alone parts and merchandise assortment and increasing exchangeability by % 30 to % 50 or more for new theoretical accounts. ( Cusumano. 1994 ) They determined to reconsider heavyweight director by restricting their discretion and budgets. Establishing platform director and head applied scientists to ease sharing more cardinal constituent and fabrication installations ( this could ease assembly activities. simplify supplier relationship. and cut down technology and manufacturing-preparation costs ) . The hazard: The entire gross revenues could probably worsen as the options and assortment the client used to bask is no longer on tabular array. Gross saless may even worsen. although net incomes may lift as a per centum of gross revenues if the Japanese larn how to bring forth more net incomes from each merchandise development attempt. instead than merely look for enlargement of gross revenues and market portion ( Cusumano. 1994 ) . Table 1: Restrictions of Lean: Japan 1990s Thin ServiceDuring the economic crisis invaded the universe in 2000s. many organisations started to carry on cost-reductive processs to the most possible extent. Many researches addressed thin doctrine that succeeded radically in cost decrease for many instances of industrial contexts. Sing thin techniques in service context came before the economic crisis by old ages. Many research workers studied the passage of thin techniques to the service context for both private and public sectors within assorted industries. Due to that some common barriers and restrictions have arisen while using thin in service organisations. This study reviews some of those barriers limited the consequences of thin application in wellness attention sector as a representative illustration of service industry. Lean in Health CareMany states consider thin doctrine and techniques in the wellness attention sector. The cost force per unit area led the bulk to follow thin techniques to better their both efficiency and effectivity. And another aim is to minimise non-value-added activity degree. As expected. it isn‘t that simple to understand and accommodate the alone features of wellness attention industry to the thin frame. Many hindrances and barriers have shown up. Radnor et Al. ( 2006 ) suggests the undermentioned execution barriers: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Peoples: chiefly mentioning to incredulity about alteration plans in general. Lack of ownership: either of current activities or of proposed procedures. Identity of betterment squad members: frequently made up of those willing to acquire involved. instead than those who should make so. Leadership failure. Compartmentalization: functional and professional silos. Weak nexus between betterment plans and scheme. Lack of resources. Poor communic ating: the over-use of slang and the deficiency of a clear message to staff. Brandao L. and Pidd M. ( 2011 ) identified the execution barriers in wellness attention. It is ever hard to present new things in an organisation as employees want to lodge to the old system. The common job is that everybody knows thin as a fabrication system which may merely applicable to Japan. It is besides true that many things of tilt has improved or developed due to the alone nature of Nipponese people and their on the job manner. There are some common barriers while implementing thin in wellness attention. 2. 2. 1. Percept BarriersManufacturing myths and deficiency of apprehension of thin rules among wellness attention professionals is seen as a barrier. Some wellness attention professionals argue that every patient is different. unlike every manufactured merchandise in a mill. A common misbelieve among professionals that a patient might be treated as a ?piece of metal‘— humanity would vanish from wellness attention. It is of import to emphasis that thin focal points on cut downing non-value-adding activities. which normally means those activities that do non affect patient contact such as ?paperwork‘ . There is no purpose in thin to cut down human contact between patients and clinicians. there may. alternatively. be an addition in the proportion of touch clip. 2. 2. 2. Terminology BarriersIntroduction of new linguistic communication is a common issue for implementing thin in any scene. In general. wellness attention professionals responded good to the debut of new vocabulary and it helped them to switch from old to new patterns. Any organisation utilizing thin thought as its chief betterment doctrine needs to incorporate new nomenclature into its vocabulary ( LEI. 2003 ) . Some regard the debut of new nomenclature as an execution barrier for thin wellness attention. The thought of extinguishing waste is to reexamine all organisational degrees and entities. observe where the non-value added cost to be reduced or eliminated. Seven types of wastes are in health care: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Transport- motion of patients and equipment Inventory- unnecessary stocks and supplies Motion- motion of staff and supplies Waiting- holds in diagnosing and intervention Over production- unneeded trials Over burden-stressed. overworked staff Defects – e. g. m edicines mistakes. infections It is highly of import. though. to develop a common vocabulary to be used across the whole organisation for thin execution. Incompatibilities in nomenclature between different sections can take to serious misinterpretations. The of import issue is the thought and non the name. though some footings do necessitate to be adapted. In a patientrelated application for case. it would be inappropriate to mention to take clip or work-in advancement if footings such as waiting clip or waiting lists are already in usage. 2. 2. 3. Personal/ Professional Skills of Health Care Professional Difference Barrier There are intrinsic differences in personal and professional accomplishments between wellness and fabrication professionals. and there differences are seen as a barrier. It becomes clear that the fire –fighting outlook Acts of the Apostless as a practical barrier in the debut of thin. Ben-Tovim et Al. ( 2007a ) argues that wellness attention directors are by and large chosen for their problem-solving accomplishments. peculiarly ?firefighting‘ . and normally bask the play involved—an observation confirmed in the instance surveies. However. thin pattern is non based on happening speedy. impermanent solution to jobs. but on understanding the root causes of holds and other hinderances to flux. To switch the focal point of wellness attention directors from a problem-solving and fire-fighting attack to careful analysis. and to alter their determination processes from experience-based t o data/evidence-based will ever be a challenge and is a existent execution barrier. 2. 2. 4. Organizational MomentumThe changeless alteration of scheme for betterment ( locally ) and governmental policy ( nationally ) inhibits the continuity of potentially successful plans. Lean is non a speedy hole. but a continuously germinating plan of work. This is non ever recognized in pattern ( Esain et al. . 2008 A ; Proud et Al. . 2008 ) . A uninterrupted betterment plan requires significant attempt at the start. including preparation. navigation and get the better ofing some of the barriers described here. The rate of alteration in a typical thin plan may be ab initio slow until organisational impulse is acquired. At this point. a civilization of betterment is created and betterment becomes a ?day job‘ instead than a series of conceptual events that happen in distinct points of clip ( Brandao L. A ; Pidd M. 2011 ) . 2. 2. 5. Hierarchy A ; Management Roles BarrierCultural issues based on the hierarchy of wellness attention staff and the manner direction functions are allocated typically becomes a barrier for any betterment but this is particularly of import when tilt is introduced. Ben-Tovim et Al. ( 2007b ) discusses another barrier to tilt wellness attention caused by hierarchal and cultural issues: wellness attention directors see their function as holding to come up with a solution one time a job is identified. By contrast. thin believing implies an upside-down flow of solutions/ thoughts ( from top-down to bottom-up. figure 1 ) . acknowledging that front-line staff understand the most about the jobs they face each twenty-four hours. Figure 1: Top-down versus bottom-up flow of thoughts 2. 2. 6. Professional A ; Functional Silos BarrierThe atomization of wellness attention into silos ( professional or functional ) imposes a major barrier to the flow of patients. goods and information and accordingly to the execution of thin techniques in infirmaries. Some of the chief barriers to tilt wellness attention root from the current construction of disconnected attention and professional pattern. seen in many infirmaries as professional and functional silos. A professional silo occurs when wellness attention practicians are separated into professional groups. A typical infirmary may hold over 100 such that can be classified into two chief groups: Care suppliers ( for illustration physicians. nurses and physical therapists ) . Non-care suppliers ( for illustration directors. secretaries and cleaners ) . Functional silos lead to fragmented attention ( Mann. 2005 ) . which may intend that force per unit area to better public presentation consequences in sub optimisation ( in individual silos ) that may non ensue in overall betterment of attention provided to patients. Lean wellness attention principles back up the betterment of the complete attention procedure. from reaching to dispatch. instead than a series of staccato stairss. The medical records instance provides a good illustration of three functional silos in the flow of medical files. viz. medical records. medical secretaries and outpatient clinics. Lean was used to better the flow of medical files. which led to better attention in outpatient clinics. 2. 2. 7. Data Collection A ; Performance Measurement BarrierThin execution normally reveals jobs in informations aggregation and hapless public presentation steps in most facets of patient attention. This frequently amplifies the demand for cultural alteration in wellness attention scenes. Performance measuring is a cardinal constituent for successful execution of thin attacks ( Kollberg et al. . 2007 ) . Great attention is required if public presentation measuring is non to take to unwanted side-effects. Many old ages ago. Ridgway ( 1956 ) argued that measuring. one time introduced. is frequently interpreted by staff as specifying the of import facets of the occupation or activity in which they are engaged. Hence. it is of import to understand the motivational and behavioural effects of any public presentation measuring. Smith ( 1995 ) extended this statement to see the effects of printing public presentation informations. which can take to many different types of dysfunctional beh aviour if non carefully planned. 2. 2. 8. Resistance Change/Skepticisms BarrierResistance to alter is a important job in any betterment plan in any organisation. It deserves particular attending from those trying to implement tilt. since staff authorization. which is a cardinal issue in the thin theory. is needed for prosecuting wellness attention professionals. Resistance to alter is a job in many. perchance all. organisations and there is a huge academic literature on this subject. Val D. and Fuentes ( 2003 ) offer a thorough reappraisal. indicating to many beginnings of opposition within a wide context. 3. DecisionLean was running swimmingly at the beginning of its pattern when it developed in Toyota production system ( TPS ) . The growing of Toyota made it hard to maintain the cardinal principal of thin. The chief attractive force of thin fabrication is its capableness of cut downing waste and the uninterrupted development of the product/service. When the system is acquiring big. it is hard for thin to execute swimmingly. which means its scalability is deficient. The chief advantage of tilt is the decrease of stock list degrees. which emphasizes other relevant benefits of quality issues peculiarly and other countries of involvement in general. It‘s cost effectual in many senses but it‘s really nerve-racking for the providers and employees in the assembly line. For the service sector like wellness the patterns has developed in a really different manner under thin. It‘s non easily for many states to follow the system in wellness sector because of the hierarchical constructions and direction patterns that have been developed over old ages. It is really important to understand the effects follow using tilt system literally – copying the system to all sort of organisation without understanding the philosophical significance of thin. Every organisational context has its distinguishable facets and considerations. Every field of concern has its dimensions and restraints that may impact the behaviour of system under thin patterns. It‘s extremely of import for those willing to import tilt for their industries to analyze the restrictions of tilt under which context it‘s intended to run on. The cultural differences between the civilization tilt has been introduced in first clip for a certain industry and the other civilization tilt would be brought to are really controversial and important for future surveies. It‘s recommended to travel farther the integrating of alteration direction to the transitional stages of thin application.

Jazz And Classical Music Essays - Jazz Genres,

Jazz And Classical Music Upon entering a modern record store, one is confronted with a wide variety of choices in recorded music. These choices not only include a multitude of artists, but also a wide diversity of music categories. These categories run the gamut from easy listening dance music to more complex art music. On the complex side of the scale are the categories known as Jazz and Classical music. Some of the most accomplished musicians of our time have devoted themselves to a lifelong study of Jazz or Classical music, and a few exceptional musicians have actually mastered both. A comparison of classical and Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform or compose these kinds of music. Let's begin with a look at the histories of the two. The music called classical, found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the world, spans a length of time from 1600 up to the present. This time frame includes the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Contemporary periods. The classical period of music actually spans a time from of 1750 to 1800; thus, the term Classical is a misnomer and could more correctly be changed to Western Art Music or European Art Music. European because most of the major composers up till the 20th century were European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they are some of the more prominent composers. Not until the twentieth century with Gershwin and a few others do we find American composers writing this kind of art music. For the sake of convention, we can refer to Western Art Music as Classical music. Jazz is a distinctively American form of music, and it's history occupies a much smaller span of time. Its origins are found in the early 1900s as some dance band leaders in the southern U.S. began playing music that combined ragtime and blues. Early exponents of this dance music were Jelly Roll Martin (a blues player) and Scott Joplin (ragtime). The terms "Jazz" and "Jazz Band" first surfaced in the year 1900. Some say this occurred in New Orleans, although similar music was played at the same time in other places. The most prominent exponents of this early music, called Dixieland Jazz, included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. After World War I, Jazz music had evolved and was aided by the development of the recording industry. The small dance band ensemble grew into the larger orchestra known as the "Big Band". The music of the Big Bands became known as "Swing." Two of the more famous Swing band leaders were Tommy Dorsey and Harry James. In the late 40s and through the 50s, a different kind of Jazz became popular. This music, played by a very small ensemble, was much more sophisticated and complex . Its rich harmonic changes and melodic counterpoint were not conducive to dance. It became known as "Bop," with Charlie Parker and Dizzie Gillespie being the early proponents. In the last twenty years there has been a combination of Jazz with popular music of the US and Latin America. This modern Jazz music has been called "Fusion." Present day exponents include Pat Metheny and Chic Corea. There has also been a return to the sound of Bop in the last ten years by such musicians as trumpeter Winton Marsalis and his brother Branford, a saxophonist. Let's focus on the instrumentation of the two kinds of music. In Classical music, both large orchestras and small ensembles are used. But generally, the greatest and most prominent compositions are for the larger symphony orchestra. The largest part of the orchestra is the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos and string basses. These instruments were invented very early in medieval times but really matured into their present form during the late 18th century. The wind instruments, comprised of brass and woodwinds, took longer to mature. The brass section in particular did not posses the ability to play chromatically (in all keys) until the advent of valves which allowed the length of the instrument to be changed while playing. This occurred around the middle to late 19th century. Consequently, the brass instruments are less prominent in the music of Bach, Mozart and Beethoven along with their contemporaries. Late 19th and early 20th century composers make use of a very large orchestra with all the fully developed wind instruments. Some of the master orchestrator/composers of this time were: Wagner, Rimskey-Korsakov, Ravel and Stravinsky. Currently, composers also make

The animation genre was, and continues to be one of the most popular genres with adults and children alike Essays

The animation genre was, and continues to be one of the most popular genres with adults and children alike Essays The animation genre was, and continues to be one of the most popular genres with adults and children alike Essay The animation genre was, and continues to be one of the most popular genres with adults and children alike Essay Essay Topic: Adults Popular In this essay I am going to explore the genre of animation in depth; looking at techniques used throughout the animation genre, and I am also going to observe the development and changes which have occurred since the very early forms of animation began and also since the very first feature length animation film was made; Snow White (1937). By comparing these past techniques with a present animated film Madagascar (2005) I will be looking to see if audiences think animation has improved and why they think this. By researching the animation process from the past and comparing it with more recent and updated animation techniques; I am looking to observe the major changes that have occurred within the genre and what impact this has on audiences in our modern society. And overall whether we as an audience think the animation genre has come a long way since it first began. Animation is the graphic representation of drawings to show movement within those individual drawings. The individual drawings are linked together and usually photographed by a camera. The images are then slightly changed or altered in some way and photographed again which when played back will show movement within the drawings. The process of animation or showing movement within an image can be traced back millions of years. Many images found in the Altamira caves of Northern Spain appear to show animals with eight legs suggesting an early attempt to show movement within a still 2D image. As time has progressed in the late 19th century there were two main inventions which aimed to further the animation process. The phenakistoscope which was invented by a man named Joseph Plateau in 1826. The Phenakistoscope was a circular card which had several slits around its outside edge, in order to see a moving image you would have to place this card in front of a mirror and look into the slits as the piece of card rotated around. As the card rotates a series of still images were shown around the circumference of the card hence enabling the viewer to see a moving object. Similar to this design was the zeotrope invented by Pierre Desvignes in 1860. The zeotrope was a cylinder in the shape of a kind of drum which turned on a spindle. A strip of paper with images on it was placed into the cylinder. As the cylinder was turned you were able to view the images through the slots on top. The rapid speed of the cylinder turning, created the moving image. Stuart Blackton made a short film in 1906 entitled Humorous Phases Of Funny Faces in which he drew a humorous face onto a blackboard, he then erased it and drew the same face in a different stage. This process is known as the stop-motion effect and at the time audiences were amazed that they were able to see images seemingly coming to life. In the early 20th century a man named Thomas A. Edison developed the idea of the motion camera and projector. This provided one of the first inventions to make animation. This was only an early idea and animation was still done in a very simple style. In the early 1920s the animated cartoon had become less popular as audiences wanted something more than an animation that lasted for a few minutes, lacked storylines or plots and without development of characters. Creators of cartoons were looking for other means to entertain their audiences. The process of animation was no where near a stage where a full length film by todays standards could be achieved. The closest anyone came to this at this point in time was a man named Windsor Macay who created a cartoon named Gertie The Dinosaur. This type of character had never been seen by audiences before and the sight of a dinosaur moving and coming to life on a screen was astonishing. Another first of its time was an animated cartoon Felix the cat created by Otto Messmer. The overall feature of this cartoon and many others of this time, were crude and violent tricks to entertain viewers. This is still evident in cartoons today such as tom and jerry (1965-present) which is a modern example of a cartoon similar of this time, where characters would beat each other repeatedly using a variety of props, this would barter back and forth between characters and this was the overall plot to animations of this time. In its earliest forms short animations were aimed at the young and also the older viewers. It was a relatively new concept in the early 1920s so the vast majority of the world were engrossed in this new idea of animation. As animation moved on from that of Gertie the Dinosaur the advancement of sound and colour continued to amaze audiences throughout the world. Walt Disney, possibly the most well known of animators, took the animation process to a higher level. He was the first person to add sound to their cartoons with his first one named Steamboat Willie (1928) Walt Disney was also responsible for the first full length animated feature film. He produced the animated film Snow White and the seven dwarfs in 1937, The story of a pretty young girl, with skin as white as snow and lips as red as blood, who first loses her mother when she is born then loses her father after he remarries. Her step-mother becomes jealous of Snow Whites beauty and arranges to have her killed. Snow Whites life is spared and she goes deep into the woods and makes friends with 7 dwarfs. Her step-mother finds out Snow White is still alive so she transforms into an elderly woman and poisons her step-daughter. Snow White is saved by the kiss of a handsome prince and they live happily ever after. A concept used in fairy tales for decades and a concept we are now all familiar with in films and television programmes of this century. Snow White was the first feature length animation; but also the first animation to include full colour not only that but was the first film to be fully restored by digital technology in 1994. An animation film critic said of Walts work, One of the keys to Snow White and to all of Walts work was his ability to use animation to create convincing, individual personalities The process of animation for Snow White took three years to complete, this shows how long the animation process takes and even now its advanced, the process of animation still takes several years. Creating Snow White would allow Walt to use many animation techniques new to this era. To create the colour for the animation the studio chemists at Disney ground their own pigments from special formulas and they mixed 1,500 colours and shades altogether for use on characters and backgrounds. Walt Disney knew the desired colour effects he wanted to achieve. He achieved this by painting the backgrounds in each sketch in grey, transparent watercolour paint. During this time Technicolor was a fairly new concept and was only really capable of being able to capture mid-range colours. This is where Walt Disneys idea of colour was best suited. When it came to characters in Snow White, the artists had the added task of having to create the first character in animation history to have realistically human qualities. To achieve this Disney animators used a live-action model to help animators capture realistic movements and features of a female character. This technique was also used on other characters in the film, such as Prince Charming. The models movements were traced directly off of the cameras. The traced images were given to animators and used as a rough guide in creating the finished animated characters. This is a far cry from techniques used for animated characters today, i n films such as Harry Potter (2001) and The films in the Lord Of The Rings trilogy. (2001) Other early Disney animations which used similar techniques to Snow White include; Bambi (1942), 101 Dalmatians (1961) and ), Fox and the hound (1981) The simple technology used to create Snow White as far as todays standards are concerned isnt as advanced as the animation techniques we are used to in films such as Shrek (Disney, Pixar 2001) and Monsters Inc (2002) in which we as an audience are able to experience things such as textures within the animated characters, such as the immaculate detailing of the fur on the character Sullys body. However when Snow White was created it was a far cry from the early animations in black and white and without sound. The story of Snow White follows the basic principles of the Russian structuralist Vladimir Propp. Propp studied fairy tales and he documented that within these stories there where a number of different types of characters that all appeared. Some of these characters Propp identified include; the hero (Prince Charming), The Villain (Wicked Step-mother), The Donor who brings a magical property to the story (7 Dwarfs), The Princess (Snow White). Snow White, for its time contains many ideologies that we are still able to associate with today. The image that we are able to associate with of the ideal female character that has; flawless skin, tiny build, kind and thoughtful. The ideal male character of Prince Charming, strong, caring and a hero. These ideologies are still present in many media texts still and are used so we as an audience are able to recognise these and familiarise with them. These stereotypes of male and female characteristics have been present throughout history and in or der for an audience to relate to and draw their own experiences from these stereotypes are included in media text such as Snow White to show familiarity to the audience. With the invention of computers capable of producing forms of animation, the animation genre progressed rapidly. A machine capable of creating, editing and moving images within itself created a whole new method of creating animations. This gave the animation genre a new lease of life. Toy story (1995 Walt Disney Productions and Pixar Animation Studios); became the first full length feature film to be created entirely on computers. The most recent feature length animation Madagascar (2005) really shows how far animation has progressed since its very earliest forms of animation in the 19th century. Even in a matter of 10 years animations created by use of computer, has pushed aside other types of animation and become one of the most prominent animation style of the 20th and 21st century. Every other animated feature film released is a computer generated animation. The first animation of this kind was Toy Story (1995 Walt Disney Productions and Pixar Animation Studios). Computer animators have pushed the boundaries as animation goes, by being able to create astonishing facial expressions and physical form that appear as real to humans or animals you could possibly get, by creating true to life backgrounds where things you see seem so real that they couldnt possibly have been created on a machine. The huge gap between these technological advances in animation since the very first animation processes of the past such as Felix the cat, seems to be widening with the release of each animated film we see. Madagascar (2005) the story of a group of zoo animals who become stranded back in their natural habitat of Madagascar. Being animals who are dependant on zoo life, they find having to survive out in the real world not what they are used to. Being the most recent in a ever growing line of animated films is one which uses the kinds of computer techniques that have been used since Toy Story (1995) However, even though Madagascar is far more advanced from Snow White the directors of the film wanted to incorporate the old-fashioned kinds of animation and pay homage to these older style animations. Director Eric Darnell, said of Madagascar; our characters are very stylized and not based on reality, so we could have a lot of fun with how they looked and how they moved. They are very 2D inspired but created in the 3D world of the computer. This is evident to the audience within the film as you view the characters in 3D form but the actions of the characters are very humorous in such a way th ey remind you of earlier animated characters used in the past comprising of a slapstick kind of humour, evident in many cartoons of the past 60 decades. When animators, directors and producers had decided on the cartoony style they wanted to achieve they looked for techniques which would best suit this. The techniques animators used in Madagascar was called the Squash and Stretch the squash and stretch is a process by which animators deform and object and then snap it back into place in order to suggest motion. The squash and stretch is a procedure suited to pencil sketches and animators for Madagascar found it more difficult to recreate this on a computer. This proved difficult when creating characters and so animators had to create a system where they were able to push and pull and stretch the objects without breaking them said Jeffrey Katzenberg, CEO of DreamWorks Animation. Squash and stretch was used predominantly throughout the film. This helped the animators achieve the comic exaggerated effect they were after. And looking at the finished film you are able to see this detail in the way characters move and show emotion. The exp ressions on characters in this film are extraordinary, they appear very realistic. This was achieved by animators actually building up facial muscles on the computer system to create a full reconstruction of an animated skeleton used to recreate expressions that would appear almost identical to those of a human being. Teresa Cheng, DreamWorks said when we started working on Madagascar we decided to take a different path based on the classic cartoon style, with extreme poses and exaggerated proportions that even when the character is standing still, look comical. In the finished film we are able to see, that the animators on Madagascar have achieved this. Each character in the film appears to have a unique feature of their species which has most detailing involved in it. For example, Alex the lions mane which consists of thousands of hairs which look so lifelike in the way they move when Alex is moving or when brushed against another object. The narrative of Madagascar follows the basic principles of the Bulgarian theorist Tzvetan Todorov. Todorovs concept of narrative consists of a simple formula; this formula begins with the state of equilibrium this is the harmonious state usually at the beginning of a story. In the case of Madagascar the animals are in their home the zoo where they are happy. After the state of equilibrium the force of disequilibrium, this is a state of disruption to the first state of harmony, in reference to Madagascar the disequilibrium or the disruption is when the animals crates are washed away at sea onto the island of Madagascar miles away from their home of Central Park Zoo. In order to regain the new equilibrium the disruption must be restored. As we can see from techniques used in Madagascar animation has come a long way since the days of tracing off a camera to create lifelike characters. This role of the classic animator who would draw a large number of sketches by hand to create a simple movement has been replaced by computers which are not only able to create a simple movement but create actual layers of the human form from skeleton to skin, in order to create an immaculate perception of the human or animal form. Has animation improved? Or has it just transformed into a higher standard? Animated films of this century are extremely popular as were animated films of the past. This shows that its not so much the actual improvement of animation techniques, but more so the need to keep up with current times and expectations of society today. In our modern society, audiences want more than what has been on offer in the past. Audiences want more action, more humour and more realism in what they are viewing. Peoples expectatio ns in relation to the animation genre have grown. With new advances in technology, audiences want to be able to relate to animated characters on screen as if they were real. This is becoming more of a reality with films such as Shrek, where the character Princess Fiona is so human like its almost impossible to recognise that she is in fact an animation; a vision of an animation artist come to life. People still view all the older animated films, which show they havent lost their appeal even though they may not be as advanced and sophisticated as the animated films we see today. Animation as we know it today began with a visionary named Walt Disney, but will it ever end? Only time will tell if animations popularity will grow or diminish.

Critically analyse the role of the board of directors and senior Essay

Critically analyse the role of the board of directors and senior management in managing enterprise risk in an energy company - Essay Example Energy and Resources companies have come increasingly under the regulatory purview. Due to brisk changes in the industry, they face stiffening regulatory requirements, ever-increasing cyber issues and rapidly changing technology. Such compliances and risks have a strong impact on the company’s operations and business strategies that makes it utterly imperative for the management to adopt approaches to manage and mitigate risks and cope up with regulations. Risk Management in the Energy Sector A good progress has been made in the past in developing comprehensive enterprise risk management (ERM) programs. ERM is set to become an industry standard for management of risk because it is probably the most effective way to manage risk internal or external to the organization (Accenture Global Risk Management, 2011). The key risk areas that have been identified for energy and resources sector can be listed as follows: 1. High competition in the industry participants: Energy industry pa rticipants have a very unique competitiveness. Each player has a different advantage within the industry. One firm may have a good resource support while the other might be a technologically strong firm and a third would have a huge market. Nowadays, competition is shifting and each firm is trying to develop on every frontier. International firms are thus facing challenges by national players reducing their market size. 2. Limited sources of alternative energy: Despite the fact that there are alternatives to limited source of non renewable energy, energy companies still haven’t been able to progress much on developing much on alternative sources. Alternate sources have an irreplaceable demand, but on the supply side, they face a lot of constraints. There hydrocarbon content on earth is enough to last a century, but the problem lies in lack of knowledge on its development and usage. These sources are limited by limitations in scale, feasibility and fitness (Holmes, 2004). 3. G overnment Interventions: Most of government regulations in the energy industry are directed towards regulating supply. Operational policies, regulations on carbon emissions and energy security norms affect both the demand as well as the supply side of energy business. Role of Board of Directors and Senior Management Post recession, the scene for energy companies has not only been tough but also challenging in terms of greater project undertakings and complex compliances. Companies have also had to venture in remotest regions simply to manage demand and supply side challenges. Management has to focus on strategy, production, enterprise risk along with operational excellence. With the advent of regulators, management has started to recognise the need for risk management to enhance business performance. With time, a lot of change has come in managing enterprise risk. New tools, better techniques and risk measuring methodologies have come up. One can only predict how enterprise risk man agement shall evolve in the coming times. As Energy sector risk officers, senior managers and the board of directors need to be have the capability to comprehend what possible risks could potentially arise in the near future and how exactly to take preventive measures that will help in combat. With such approach, all downsides that